Types of Turbines in Hydro Power Station

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Characteristic Pelton Turbine (Impulse) Francis Turbine (Reaction) Kaplan Turbine (Reaction)
Type of Flow High head, low flow rate Medium head and medium flow rate Low head, high flow rate
Runner Design Cups or buckets Blades Adjustable blades
Efficiency High efficiency at high heads High efficiency over a wide range High efficiency at low heads
Applications Typically used in mountainous regions and for high-head hydroelectric power generation. Widely used for a variety of head and flow conditions in hydroelectric power plants. Suitable for low-head applications, such as in rivers and low-head dams.
Blade Angle Control Fixed buckets, no adjustment Fixed blades, adjustable guide vanes Adjustable blades and wicket gates
Turbine Size Range Typically smaller for portable or micro-hydro applications. Varied sizes, suitable for a wide range of projects. Larger units used in low-head applications.
Head Range (m) Very high head (300-1,800 meters) Medium head (10-300 meters) Low head (3-30 meters)
Flow Rate Range Low flow rates Medium flow rates High flow rates
Penstock Design Typically penstock with nozzles Penstock with guide vanes Penstock with wicket gates
Specific Speed Low specific speed Medium specific speed High specific speed
Control Flexibility Limited control options Moderate control options Extensive control options
Turbine Efficiency Range Narrow efficiency range Broad efficiency range Narrow efficiency range
Maintenance Easier to maintain due to simple design Maintenance varies with size and complexity Requires more maintenance due to movable parts

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